Halogen-free flame retardants for polymers
We previously published articles on an introduction to flame retardants, polymer combustion mechanisms, and halogenated flame retardants. To complement these articles, we now discuss halogen-free flame retardants, which have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Halogenated flame retardants were the first flame retardants to gain widespread use, offering high efficiency at relatively low loadings. However, […]
Group D Incoterms
In the latest edition of Incoterms published by the ICC, four D terms (DDU, DEQ, DES, and DAF) have been removed and replaced with two others (DAP and DAT). Under Group D Incoterms, the points of delivery and risk transfer coincide, and the delivery point or destination is located in the buyer’s country. The seller […]
External Coatings for Steel Pipes (Part 2)
In the previous article, we discussed the importance of coating steel pipes and several coating types, including single- and dual-layer epoxy and two- and three-layer polyolefin systems. This article describes other coating methods for steel pipes and their welded joints. Coal Tar or Asphalt Coatings Coal tar enamel (CTE) and asphalt coatings have been used […]
External Coatings for Steel Pipes (Part 1)
Corrosion is the deterioration of a material, usually a metal, or its properties due to chemical reactions with its surroundings. Protecting pipelines against corrosion and chemical damage requires knowledge of both the transported fluids and the surrounding environment. Pipes may be buried in different soils or laid underwater. Pipeline environments may be industrial or saline […]